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The How to Create a School Sculpture Garden Manual
20. GLOSSARY OF TERMS FOR A SCHOOL SCULPTURE GARDEN
Abstract: A style of art which uses shapes, designs, textures, and colors in a way that may not appear realistic, but emphasizes moods or feelings. Abstract art often uses geometric lines and shapes, and bold, bright colors.
Additive sculpture: Adding, combining, or building up materials by modeling with clay or welding steel parts together to create one project.
Arch: A curved structural device used for support, usually located over an opening such as a door or window. An arch may either stand-alone or support the walls around the opening.
Architecture: The art and science of designing and constructing buildings.
Armature: A skeleton-like internal framework used to support constructions of clay or paper-mache. It can be made of wire, string, piping, metal rods, rolled paper, or similar materials.
Assemblage: A collection of three-dimensional objects arranged or joined together to form one object. The object can be either freestanding or mounted to a panel, and is often made from scraps, junk, man-made or natural objects.
Asymmetry: A type of balance in which the sides in arrangement of an object or work on paper are not exactly identical, but are considered visually balanced.
Backhoe: An excavating machine with a bucket that is drawn toward the machine frequently; used in conjunction with foundation and installation work.
Balance: A principle design that refers to the arrangement of elements used to bring or maintain a state of equilibrium or a sense of harmony within a composition or object. Three categories of balance include symmetry ("formal" or equal harmonious balance); asymmetry ("informal" or unequal and lack of balance); and radial ("centralized" or converging in equal segments from or to a common center). (See also symmetry, asymmetry, and radial balance.)
Blueprint: A photographic print in white on a blue ground used especially for copying mechanical drawings and architects' plans.
Bronze: A mixture of copper, tin, and other metals. Because it is very strong and hard, bronze is the traditional metal commonly used for cast sculpture.
Carve: To cut away unwanted parts from a block of wood, stone, or other material, using carving tools such as a chisel, knife, or file. Carving is a way of making sculpture by cutting away any unwanted parts.
Cast: To reproduce a solid object by pouring a liquid, such as melted metal, clay, wax, or plaster, into a mold and allowing it to harden. The mold is then removed and a cast, or reproduction, is left in the shape of the mold.
Cast shadows: Shadows cast on the ground by three-dimensional forms or objects.
Ceramics: The art of making and decorating three-dimensional objects of clay that are fired in a kiln.
Chisel: A metal tool with a cutting edge at the end of a handle. Sculptors for carving stone, wood, and other materials use chisels. In calligraphy, a chisel is a pen nib having the square, flat shape of a sculptor's chisel.
Clay: A fine grained, natural material becomes pliable when mixed with water or oil. Clay is used to make pottery and sculpture.
Collage: A work of art created by gluing bits of paper, fabric, scraps, photographs, or other materials to a flat surface.
Color: The hue,
value, and intensity of an object. The primary colors are red, yellow, and blue;
all colors except white can be created by combining these three colors.
Composition: The arrangement of design elements of an artwork to achieve balance,
contrast, rhythm, emphasis, and unity to make an effective expression of the
artist's idea. The term also refers to any work of art.
Constructivism: Refers to sculpture that emphasizes space rather than mass. Building up, assembling, or welding various types of materials or mediums together to form one object utilizes the technique. It influenced many ways of thinking about art in relation to science and technology. The effect of Constructivism on post-World War II art has been profound.
Contour: The outline or edge of a form or object. In contour drawing, a single, continuous line is used to draw the outline of an object.
Contrast: Comparing the difference between two or more objects, forms, or shapes. Visual excitement, tension, emotion, or interest can be intensified by contrasting elements, for example, hot and cold or light and dark.
Critique: To analyze and evaluate an artwork by making constructive judgments in regard to the merits, value, meaning, technique, and design of the work of art. Critique also can refer to a written or verbal evaluation.
Cutouts: Various pieces of paper or other materials cut into realistic or abstract shapes to be arranged on paper, forming abstract or realistic images.
Design: The overall composition of work in architecture, painting, drawing, and sculpture which includes the organization of elements such as line, shape, form, texture, space, and color of into a creative arrangement.
Dimension: A measurement documenting length, width, or depth of an object. Two-dimensional art includes only the length and width of a flat object such as a drawing, print, or painting. Three-dimensional art includes the length, width, and depth of an object such as a structure, building, or sculpture. (See also two-dimensional and three-dimensional.)
Distort: To change appearance, shape, or form of an object by twisting, contorting, or exaggerating its features. A work of art that is made in this way is distorted.
Earth Tones: Muted pigments selected to approximate their counterparts in nature.
Elements of Art: The basic visual symbols found in the work such as line, shape, form, space, value, texture, and color.
Elevation: The height to which something is raised.
Expressionism: A style of art in which the artist communicates highly personal and emotional feelings utilizing strong colors, distorted forms, and bold, simplified lines. This style of art originated in Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth-centuries.
Eye level: An imaginary line running through a two-dimensional composition representing the artist's line of vision in relation to the subject, indicating the position of the overall viewpoint. (See also Horizon Line.)
Found object: An object presented or included in an artwork not originally intended to be used in an artistic format. A found object may be of a natural or man-made material. The use of found objects is commonly a twentieth-century art form aesthetic.
Freeform: Irregular; asymmetrical; a composition which has not been constructed or formed as according to any preset rules of standard design theories.
Horizontal: Straight, level, or parallel to the horizon. Horizon Line - The apparent line where sky meets land or water, a horizontal line that represents where our line of vision ceases.
Installation: To place sculpture on its site, often including anchoring in place.
Intermediate colors: Obtained by mixing adjoining primary and secondary colors.
Invent: To create something new, which has never been conceived or envisioned, by utilizing the aspects' imagination and creativity.
Key/legend: A series of symbols used to represent specific elements of the design.
Medium: The art material that is used in a work of art such as clay, paint, or pencil. Any substance added to color to facilitate application or to achieve a desired effect. Describing more than one art medium is referred to as media.
Minimalism: Refers to the reduction of a painting, sculpture, or object to the bare essentials of a geometric abstraction; primarily descended from early twentieth-century Constructivism. Minimalist sculpture eliminates all the representational imagery from the overall composition.
Mobile: A type of sculpture in which objects are suspended and balanced so that they are moved by currents of air. Alexander Calder introduced the mobile as an art form in the 1930's.
Model: A three dimensional representation of a proposed work, that is smaller and in direct proportion to the final work.
Mural: A large painting that covers a wall. It can be painted directly on the wall, or applied on wood, paper, or canvas in order to be attached to the wall.
New Jersey One Call: In October 1994 The Underground Facilities Act became law in New Jersey. This law is referred to as the New Jersey One Call Law. The law requires that anyone digging new construction and to either install or remove trees, shrubs, stumps, signs, and mailboxes, basically anything that requires excavation that breaks ground; call 1.899.272.1000 to mark out the location of utilities and all underground facilities.
Pattern: The repetition of shapes, lines, colors, or motifs incorporated into a design. The pattern can also be a model or a mold designed to be copied.
Pedestal: A base on which to display sculpture.
Permit: Written permission to perform work, often required from building authorities.
Plot: A small area
of ground.
Realistic: An image or object that represents actual people, objects,
or places. Realistic art illustrates lifelike colors, proportions, forms, textures,
and arrangements in accordance with actual reality.
Relief: An image that projects in three-dimensional form from a flat two-dimensional background.
Rendering: To reproduce or represent by artistic or verbal means.
Rhythm: The regular repetition of lines, shapes, colors, or patterns utilized within an art form or design composition.
Scale: The ratio of the size of parts in a drawing or object as compared to their dimensions in reality. If a picture is drawn to scale, it is interpreted that all of the parts are equally smaller or larger than the original.
Sculpture: A carving, model, or other three-dimensional object.
Silhouette: An outline of a solid shape without any details inside, like a shadow. Most silhouettes are of a person's profile, are done in black or another dark solid color, and are attached to a light background.
Statue: A carved, modeled, or sculpted three-dimensional object, commonly representing a human figure or animal that is able to stand up by itself.
Style: An artistic technique or method of expressing by using materials, construction, or design, characterizing a specific individual, group, period, or culture. For example, the style of the Egyptian art differs from the style of the Japanese.
Subtractive sculpture: Making sculpture by removing material from a large block or form. Marble, wood, and soap carving are types of subtractive sculpture.
Symbol: An image used to represent something else, especially a letter, figure, or sign that represents a real object or idea.
Symbolism: The use of a figure or design to stand for something else. Something concrete, such as a lion, often used to represent an abstract quality, such as courage.
Symmetrical: Having a kind of balance in which things on each side of a center line are identical. For example, the two halves of a person's face are symmetrical. The principle of symmetry is important in drawing portraits.
T-square: A long, flat ruler that is attached to a short crosspiece, making a T-shape. The crosspieces slide along the edge of a drawing board to position the ruler so that parallel lines can be drawn.
Texture: The quality of a surface, it can be actual or simulated.
Three-dimensional: Having length, width, and depth. A sculpture is three-dimensional.
Two-dimensional: Having height and width, but not depth; flat. Paintings, drawings, and stitchery are examples of two-dimensional art forms.
Vertical: Straight
up and down; perpendicular to the horizon.
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